Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies:

• green – Raphia frater subsp. piazzi
• pink – Raphia frater subsp. abrupta
• black – Raphia frater subsp. frater
• blue – Raphia frater subsp. coloradensis
• yellow – Raphia frater subsp. cinderella

Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and/or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a R. f. piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b R. f. abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c R. f. abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d R. f. abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e R. f. abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g R. f. frater (Edmunston, NB) h R. f. abrupta – frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i R. f. abrupta – frater – coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j R. f. coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k R. f. coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l R. f. coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m R. f. coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n R. f. cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p R. f. coloradensis – frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q R. f. elbea (Cochise